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The resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is enabled by the energy and momentum transferred by a photon near the absorption edge and exhibits the intrinsic excitations. The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) appears near the edge of photoionization threshold (XANES) and reveals the vacant state structure, while the XAFS beyond the absorption edge (EXAFS) exhibits the local geometry. The specific responses have been discovered using the tunable synchrotron irradiation and became the basis of advanced techniques. Key properties of a sample are often exposed in their responses to a core-level excitation. The methods of electron spectroscopy are unique tools of the basic research enabling characterization of the structure, composition, and properties of solids and interfaces at the atomic-molecular level. Moreover, the state of any component can be tracked through change or invariability of satellites in the relevant XPS spectra, obtained in the course of the external influence, thus revealing a wear performance of the material.įundamental studies in the field of surface science form the grounds for the sustained development of advanced technologies and new composite materials and catalysts with the desired properties. It makes the behavior of energy losses in XPS spectra of the atoms to be a descriptor of bonding between these atoms in multicomponent materials. The valence band is insensitive to the energy source for its excitation.
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Conformity between energy losses in the XPS spectra and electron transitions in relevant unit cells is verified by the examples of the pristine and half fluorinated graphite C2F, and the Br2-embedded C2F. Perfect XPS-DFT combination can be useful for material science providing exhaustive data on state and geometry of the atoms in a sample, regardless the field of its application. This chapter displays tracing over these channels by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT). Electronic configuration of chemically bound atoms, at the surface or in the bulk of a solid, contains the traps for energy absorption provided by the valence band electron transitions the core-level excitation of any origin is coupled with traps forming the multichannel route for energy dissipation.